Biology
(from Greek: βίος, bio, "life";
and λόγος, logos,
"speech" lit. "to talk about life"), also
referred to as the biological sciences, is the scientific
study of life.
Biology examines the structure, function, growth, origin,
evolution, and distribution of living things. It classifies
and describes organisms, their functions, how species come
into existence, and the interactions they have with each other
and with the natural
environment. Four unifying principles form the
foundation of modern biology:
-
Cell
theory:
All living organisms are made of at least one cell, the
basic unit of function in all organisms. In addition, the
core mechanisms and chemistry of all cells in all
organisms are similar, and cells emerge only from
preexisting cells that multiply through cell division.
-
Evolution:
Through
natural selection and genetic drift, a population's
inherited traits change from generation to generation.
-
Genetics:
A
living organism's traits are encoded in DNA, the
fundamental component of genes. In addition, traits are
passed on from one generation to the next by way of these
genes. All information flows from the genotype to the
phenotype, the observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of the organism. Although the phenotype
expressed by the gene may adapt to the environment of the
organism, that information is not transferred back to the
genes. Only through the process of evolution do genes
change in response to the environment.
-
Homeostasis:
The
physiological processes that allow an organism to maintain
its internal environment notwithstanding its external
environment.
"The affinities of all the
beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a
great tree... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and
these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a
feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with
the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken
branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with
its ever branching and beautiful ramifications." Charles
Darwin,1859
The building block of life:
The cell is the structural and functional unit of
all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an
organism that is classified as living, and is sometimes called
the building block of life.
English:
Diagram of a typical animal cell. Organelles are labelled as
follows:
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Ribosome
- Vesicle
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
- Cytoskeleton
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondrion
- Vacuole
- Cytoplasm
- Lysosome
- Centriole
BIOLOGY
CONTENTS
{CLASS XI}
| Chapter |
Subject |
Student will be able to
understand |
| 1 |
Biology
& its major fields |
-
Biology & its major fields
-
Levels of biological organization
-
Living world in space & time
-
Biological methods
- Application of biology for the welfare of mankind
|
| 2 |
Unity
of Life |
-
Biological Molecules
-
Water
-
Carbon
-
Carbohydrates
-
Proteins
-
Lipids
-
Nucleic Acids
-
Conjugated molecules
|
| 3 |
Enzymes |
-
Characteristics of Enzymes
-
Its mode of action
-
Apoenzymes, cofactor & holoenzymes
-
Factor affecting enzyme activity
|
| 4 |
The
Cell |
-
Cell structure & its function
-
Cell theory
-
Eukaryotes & prokaryotes
-
Plasma membrane, fluid mosaic model and cell wall
-
Nucleus
-
Cytoplasmic organelles & membrane system
|
| 5 |
Biodiversity |
-
Classification, its need & bases
-
Two to five kingdom system of classification
-
Viruses, their discovery, structure & classification
-
Life cycle of Bacteriophage
-
Viral diseases, HIV, AIDS, Hepatitis (‘B’
& ‘C’)
|
| 6 |
Kingdom
Prokaryotae (Monera) |
-
Bacteria, their discovery, structure, occurrence, diversity,
nutrition, respiration, locomotion &
reproduction
-
Importance of Bacteria
-
Immunization & vaccination
-
Use & misuse of antibiotics
-
General account of cyanobacteria
-
Nostoc
-
Importance of Cyanobacteria
|
| 7 |
The
Kingdom Protista |
-
General account of protista
-
Plant like protoctists: algae
-
Fungi like protoctists: slime molds & oomycotes
-
Animal like protoctists: protozoa, plasmodium
|
| 8 |
The
Kingdom Fungi |
-
General characteristics of fungi
-
Classification of fungi
-
Land adaptations of fungi
-
Economic importance of fungi
|
| 9 |
The
Kingdom Plantae |
-
An outline of classification of plant kingdom
-
Bryophytes general characters & adaptations to land
habitat, liverworts, hornworts, & mosses
-
Tracheophytes & their major groups; Psilopsida,
Lycopsida, Sphenopsida & Pteropsida
-
Evolution of leaf & seed
-
Vascular plants as successful groups of land plants
-
General accounts of Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae
& Legume family ( Fabaceae , Caesalpiniaceae,
Mimosaceae)
|
| 10 |
The
Kingdom Animalia |
-
An outline of classification of animal kingdom into major
phyla
-
Diploblastic & triploblastic organization
-
Protostomes & deuterostomes
-
Phyla & their classes
|
| 11 |
Bioenergetics |
-
Need for energy in living organisms
-
Role of ATP as energy currency & its role in metabolism
-
Photosynthesis
-
Cellular respiration
-
Energy flow through the ecosystem
|
| 12 |
Nutrition |
-
Nutrition – Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
-
Photosynthesis & Chemosynthesis
-
Mineral deficiency in plants
-
Nutrition in animals
-
Human digestive system & its functions
-
Nutrition related diseases
|
| 13 |
Gaseous
Exchange |
-
Respiratory gases & need of respiratory gas exchange
-
Gaseous exchange in plants
-
Gaseous exchange in animals, hydra, earthworm, cockroach,
fish, frog, bird, man
-
Disorder of respiratory tract, lung cancer, tuberculosis,
asthma, emphysema
-
Lung capacities
-
Role of hemoglobin & myoglobin
|
| 14 |
Transport |
-
Transport
in plants
-
Uptake & transport of water & minerals, diffusion,
osmosis, active transport, imbibitions &
plasmolysis
-
Ascent of sap
-
Transpiration
-
Translocation of organic solutes
-
Transport
in animals
-
Circulatory system
-
Transport in man
-
Human heart
-
Lymphatic system, Edema
-
Cardiovascular disorders
-
Immune system
|
For
Enrolment Assistance:
Email Click Here
For
general information:
Email Click Here
| |
| |
|
